Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon

In the article â€Å"From Social Class to the Hidden Curriculum of Work,† written by Jean Anyon, he argues that the working-class and affluent communities both receive a learning-based education, the working-class lacks the fundamentals. Supporting this claim is Diane Ravitch in â€Å"The Essentials of a Good education† stating affluent communities provide classes beyond the essentials, including extra-curricular classes and activities with well-equipped material for their children to obtain. Contrastively, the working class community only receives the â€Å"basic† courses that consist of mathematics and English for their children. It has become evident that working-class communities in comparison to affluent communities cannot afford an open-handed and†¦show more content†¦For instance, when it comes to mathematics, teachers prefer to teach students the steps to a problem rather than to find the theory behind it- explaining why a specific formula may be used. Teachers are negligent and decide to take the â€Å"easy way out† and instruct students to use a method and solve it with the given steps. Similarly, English classes are taught in the same manner as Mathematics. Typically, students are enforced to read and learn how to use proper grammar- identifying where to insert commas, quotations, capitalizations, etc. With the education students receive in this school students, they will not have the sufficient knowledge to obtain a desirable job in the future. The students from the working-class will only have the capacity to achieve blue-collar employment because they were trained like robots to become an employee rather than become somebody’s head employer. As a result from the taught curriculum children receive from Mathematics and English, they are forced to take a yearly test also referred to as the standardized test. The standardized test comes from the federal law and measures how much a student learned throughout the year and if they understood the material thoroughly. According to Ravitch â€Å"our policymakers today think that what matters most is getting high test scores in reading and mathematics† (Ravitch 106). The statement indicates that for the federal state it only matters if the school receives outstanding scores;Show MoreRelatedSocial Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon1247 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† by Jean Anyon. She argues that there is a serious gap in quality and level of education in the public school system. The gap widens as you progress up from working class to middle class and on through affluent professional to ex ecutive elite. Based on her research I would have to agree with her. Anyons research revealed that the working class students are not given the same opportunities to learn as students in the other classes. WhetherRead MoreJean Anyon s Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work1245 Words   |  5 PagesJean Anyon’s â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† What does social class mean? Social class means a division of a society based on social and economic status. Now, what does hidden curriculum mean? Hidden Curriculum means a side effect of education, such as norms, values and beliefs in the classroom. Accordingly, Jean Anyon’s, author of â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† claims that each and every social class has it’s own very different way of teaching in schools. AnyonRead MoreAnalysis Of Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon1167 Words   |  5 PagesA Specific Social Classes Jean Ayon is a professor of educational policy, an American critical thinker, and a researcher in education. She works on race and class in urban education and is a social activist. In her article â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† she uses research from elementary schools that contrast in social class to try and understand if social class is the dictating factor that decides the future careers of children. Anyon examines the role of social class in educationRead More Social Class and Quality of Education Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the concerns regarding social justice in education is that there are marginalised groups within society do not having equal access to the learning and life opportunities that they deserve. The concept of social justice stresses that every individual within society is entitled to have equal rights and opportunities. This means that an individual from a lower class background deserves the same opportunities as a person f rom a wealthier background. It is about becoming aware and recognising thatRead MoreThe Impact Of Curriculum On Their Intended Beneficiaries842 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed in the readings of Jean Anyon and John Taylor Gatto. American Citizens success is directly correlated to the quality of education they receive. The quality of education changes with location, and location is determined by income. Even if by chance an individual is able to locate a viable institution. The curriculum may harm a child intellectual growth more than it would stimulate it. John Taylor Gatto argues that standardized curriculum is boring our students, and crushingRead MoreSummarization Of Jean Anyon s Article1275 Words   |  6 PagesSummarization of Jean Anyon’s Article Jean Anyon is a professor at the Graduate Center of the City University in New York and is an expert in educational policy. Her published works consist of Theory and Education Research: Toward Critical Social Explanation and Radical Responsibilities: Public Policy, Urban Development and a New Social Movement. Anyon’s article, â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work† was first featured in 1980 in the Journal of Education. Her essay regarding teachingsRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Anyons Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work1369 Words   |  6 PagesSocial class is based on the relationship one has to the elements of society, and as children in the American education system grow and develop, it is a plausible query that these education systems might be the starting point to where social class based relationships such as people, ownership, and productive activity are fostered. In social activist and American professor Jean Anyon’s essay â₠¬Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work†, the relation to social class and the established cycle ofRead MoreRhetoric Analysis: â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum875 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetoric Analysis: â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work† Many issues in the 1900’s have been affecting jobs, social classes, and student’s education. In particular, fifth graders are being divided by their parents work level. Because this is happening, students will have unequal fairness on the outcome of the education they will receive. Jean Anyon, the author of â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work,† employs important concepts and powerful illustration to prove thatRead MoreWhat Does Social Class Mean?875 Words   |  4 Pages What does social class mean? Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Now, what does hidden curriculum mean? Hidden Curriculum is a side effect of education, such as norms,values and beliefs in the classroom. Accordingly to Jean Anyon’s, author of â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† she claims that each and every social class has its very own different way to teaching schooling. Anyon states a plethora of s trengths and weaknesses in this article.Read MoreEnglish 1011689 Words   |  7 Pagesis it such an easy word to understand but such a tedious task to accomplish? We come from a society that hands out education easily, however that education comes with a price. Jean Anyon explains this process through her research in From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. Anyon dissects the socio-economic class that determines the types of instruction students receive. Through her research one can compare her findings to Mike Rose’s narrative, I Just Wanna Be Average, to be true and

Banquos Purpose in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay - 521 Words

Banquos purpose in the play is the quintessential foil of Macbeth, both in acting, as well as in meaning. Shakespeare utilizes Banquo in order to create opposite moods to what is the drive of the play, which is Macbeth and his wife plotting, scheming, and murdering, by offering great solid blocks of integrity, passion, and goodness, that slightly descend into questioning. In contrast to Macbeths ambitious state, his transformation into an immoral form of such a state, and his acting on such, Shakespeare creates Banquo in order to give the reader a feeling for contrasting points in order to augment, and practically create, the play. When confronted by the Weà ¯rd Sisters for the first time, both Macbeth and Banquo are given†¦show more content†¦(II.i), going against Macbeth?s wishes of Banquo becoming a puppet to the Sisters? prophecy, therefore proving his morality and clear-headedness over Macbeth?s brash, immoral plans. Banquos declaration of allegiance also allows for proof towards his unchanging ideals, whereas immorality and blind ambition poison Macbeth?s thoughts. Macbeth describes his fear of Banquo shrewdly in that they ?stick deep, and his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared. ?Tis much he dares he hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor to act in safety? (III.i). Macbeth concludes his friend has remained his pure self and therefore is his moral antithesis. Banquo continues to hold a much clearer grip on life and real quality as a man in comparison to Macbeth, hence, Macbeth is forced to kill him if he is to follow through with his plan and go down a dark road. Macbeths solution of killing his current problem finalizes his actions of immorality as well as his foil found in Banquo. Even after his death, Banquo is able to keep his integrity and use it to punish, or even remind, Macbeth of his moral supremacy. Banquo returns, as a ?horrible shadow,? to haunt Macbeth at a feast and successfully does so to the point of unreal mockry (III.iv), certainly driving Macbeth?s darkness into a phase of decay, leading to further irrationality. This continued irrationality is the cause of yet another stockpile of dead bodies, revealing Macbeth?s inability to cope in his darkShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeare Alterations from the Original Macbeth851 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare immortalized Macbeth and his life story in his famous play which goes by the very same name: Macbeth. Shakespeare used Holinsheds Chronicles by Raphael Holinshed as his primary source, the basis for the plot of the play. Shakespeare made a considerable number of alterat ions in the story line and form. In this essay, I will explore what changes Shakespeare made and for what reason. In Macbeth, a thane Macbeth hears a prophecy by three witches: he will be king. Macbeth decides to take helpRead MoreThe Witches Evil Influence in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagestarget of the witches. He published his own book on witches called ‘Demonology’ in which he listed their powers such as the ability to curse, and therefore made a law that practising witches should be executed. It is clear, therefore, that Shakespeare’s witches are rooted firmly in English popular tradition. Act 1 scene 1 opens with the entrance of the witches; accompanied by thunder and lightning. The setting is an open place. It is clear that the witches control the elements and must thereforeRead More Comparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth 921 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the supernatural. Therefore, the supernatural is a recurring theme in many of Shakespeares plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a catalyst for action, an insight into character, and an augmentation of the impact of many key scenes. TheRead More bloodmac Shakespeares Macbeth - Images and Imagery of Blood and Sleep922 Words   |  4 PagesBlood and Sleep Imagery in Macbeth  Ã‚   Macbeth screams imagery!   Shakespeare uses imagery of blood and sleep   to create an atmosphere of horror, during the killing of Duncan, which contributes to our sense of Macbeths growing insanity.   Eventually Lady Macbeths final scene is enhanced with the use of blood imagery which reflects her guilt.   Shakespeares use of imagery connects the feeling of horror from audience to play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth held such potential for himself. He wasRead MoreThe Danger of Knowledge (Comparative essay Frankenstein vs Macbeth1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe Danger of Knowledge Aaron Rudyk 6/18/2013 Mr. Brown ENG 3U In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth and Mary Shelly’s novel Frankenstein it can be said that both protagonists come to an unfortunate end. What leads to Macbeth and Frankenstein’s premature demise? Victor Frankenstein and Macbeth both demonstrate that acquisition of knowledge is dangerous and to seek it for the purpose of power leads to destruction of life. Macbeth’s and Frankenstein’s knowledge leads to overwhelmingRead MoreBlood in Macbeth1411 Words   |  6 PagesBlood in Macbeth William Shakespeare wove many motifs like blood into his play Macbeth, written in 1606. These motifs serve to reveal many different aspects of the plot, characters, and themes. The Blood motif is often used throughout the play to symbolize guilt, or the lack of it. The two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are driven by ambition to commit evil actions including murder. Lady Macbeth plots to have her husband murder king Duncan of Scotland, so that Macbeth can take the throneRead MoreEssay about The Role of the Supernatural in Motivating Characters1284 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the supernatural and the role they play in motivating characters is apparent throughout the duration of the play. The supernatural is what causes conflict in the play and the prophecies from the witches in act one scene three is the inciting action in the piece. The supernatural causes the future conflict by motivating Macbeth to kill Duncan so he could become king o f Scotland. Through temptation, the supernatural motivates characters to think arrogantly and forRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1682 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we are first introduced to Macbeth in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth he is illustrated as a loyal warrior hero to Scotland. Macbeth’s recognition on the battlefield helps gain him great honor from King Duncan who later announces him as Thane of Cawdor. However, throughout the play the audience is able to discover his human flaws. Ironically, his first characteristic of being a mighty powerful man actually changes to be a weak man who gets stepped all over on. Through his soliloquies forRead MoreEssay on Definitions of a Tragedy: Shakespeares and Aristotles1182 Words   |  5 PagesIn writing a tragedy, there are certain standards and guidelines to which an author or playwright must follow. One such standard is the Aristotelian definition of tragedy and the tragic hero. 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Dance as an Art Form Free Essays

The history of dance as an art can be traced with the emergence of cultures around the world and with the evolution of mankind. In early civilizations, dance has been a very essential part of their primitive cultures. When people asked for rain, they danced for the gods of rain. We will write a custom essay sample on Dance as an Art Form or any similar topic only for you Order Now Or when they want to have a good catch, they would move as if they were pulling a net full of fishes. In essence, man expressed himself through movement when oral and spoken language was still on their nascent stage. Together with the visual arts, dance was the first mode of expression and communication. With the progress of different societies, dance has also evolved and adapted to the changes. From religious activities to public performances, dance and other similar movements were popularized as a means of easily understanding the message. Facial expressions, activities familiar to the audience were also characteristic of this art form. As the society advanced to a more sophisticated and more interactive community of cultures, dance has also evolved and surpassed its role in the religious activities and courts of rulers. Social dancing as we know it today traces its origins in three possible foundations. Ballroom dancing for example became popular with courtesans in the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe and not much participated by the commoners. Such exclusivity of dance to the aristocracy distanced ballroom dancing from being patronized by the greater public. It was only after the political and social reforms in the 18th and 19th centuries that the dances of the aristocracy also became popular with the masses. Thus, from being confined to a wealthy few, dance has also benefited from the economic and political victories of the lower and middle classes. Somehow, dance became an integral part of the politicization of culture. The most popular of these ballroom dances is the waltz which originated from the Austrian courts. The dance itself represented the political trend. As the society deviated from dogmatism and rigidity so was the spirit they found in waltz. Due to its popularity, waltz as an art form began to deteriorate and was eclipsed by other dances now unconfined to the elite. The 20th century found the convergence of South American and Caribbean music and rhythm which had more primitive origins. Social dancing evolved from its origins in Europe to a concoction of various cultures. Tap dance and folk dances also influenced the development of social dancing that through time, artistic components were added and invented or revived to produce a more vibrant variety of dances. In the course of the evolution of human societies, culture has adapted to the changes brought about by the modifications in the economic foundations of the era. Culture, as a part of the superstructure, changed through time. The early models of human production system were a very nature-dependent system and as a result they also had a nature-themed dance or dances which depicted movements, phenomenon and mysteries in nature. Come the slave societies, dance depicted the state of the society. Though there was a lineated domain of dance. The ruling slave owners appreciated dances which exemplified their dominion over their slaves, depicted their power while slave communities dance as they intend to be liberated and break free from the bonds of slavery. That is how society and culture works in dynamic and co-relational interactions. Different societies have different levels of appreciation for dance. Aesthetics can not only be solely responsible for the development of dance, utilitarian values are also of prime consideration. The emergence of a ruling class made it possible for dance to attain its position as an art in the courts of the kings and emperors. Utilized as a form of entertainment for the ruler and visiting dignitaries, dance has been appreciated more ever since for the aesthetic qualities that it had than message that it conveyed. What was pleasant for the audience became a prime reason for the development of dances. What the ruling class appreciated as art were also the same for their subjects. Historical accounts suggest how dance reached such point beginning as early as the Egyptian civilization. Egyptian society witnessed the evolution of dance from simple hunting rituals during the ancient times. Connected with the religious aspect of their economic activities, dance was used to summon goodwill from the gods and assure bountiful keep. As the Egyptian society progressed, dance was separated from its ritualistic character and was focused in the formal religious necessities. Evident in their movements were the daily activities of the Egyptian people. Greek culture draws its ancestry from Egypt and similarly started out as part of the religious exercises. Dance was seen incorporated to drama and dance festivities. Similarly, Greek dance expressed the activities of the people and each dance corresponds to a certain activity and character of the audience. In Europe, the complete evolution of dance from its utilitarian concepts to an aesthetic value started to surface as early as 364 BC. Though the main purpose was really to honor the gods, dance was also used to entertain the population in times of plagues or any catastrophic events. Since then, dance has been viewed as an art to be appreciated by the population and not only by the gods. Therefore, historically speaking, dance has served its purpose of contextualizing of human thoughts. Expression of these thoughts provided the reason for evolution. How to cite Dance as an Art Form, Papers

Advance Accounting Companies Performances

Question: Describe about the Advance Accounting for Companies Performances. Answer: Introduction BHP Billiton Ltd is recognized as one of the largest producers of commodity and a leading company associated with diversification of wealth and resources. Its key purposes include minimization of production costs and maximization of asset life. The majority of underlying incomes of BHP Billiton originates from operations in iron ore activities and other activities in copper and coal. Both BHP Billiton Ltd and BHP Billiton Plc are members of BHP Billiton Group (dual-listed company), headquartered at Melbourne in Australia (BHP Billiton, 2015). These two entities exist as different companies but functions as a combined group under BHP Billiton. For the purpose of this assignment, the annual report of BHP Billiton is taken into consideration. Remuneration Report According to the remuneration report of BHP Billiton, the remuneration committee sets out values for determining the results of performance-based remuneration of the executives. This shows that the remuneration policy is linked to strategy. The executive remuneration policy is made to portray the price of shares over an enlarged period and this is be achieved after deferring of equity constituents of STI awards for two years and with TSR that is measured over five years performance. Mr. Mackenzie as the CEO of BHP Billiton receives a remuneration (base salary) of US$1.700million per annum while for 2016, the maximum amount of fixed remuneration that CEO can earn is $2.270million, pension contributions of US$0.425million and benefits of US$0.145million. The STI target values depend on the target performance of 160% of base salary and the maximum amount of STI can be 240% of base salary. Similarly, the normal value of LTI is calculated in accordance with the share price at grant date a nd the maximum amount of LTI can be 400% of base salary (BHP Billiton, 2015). These levels need to appropriately reflect the contributions and responsibilities of a CEO. To be equivalent with shareholders expectations, remuneration levels must portray the overall value and performance of shareholders. GPFR General Purpose Financial Report is that report which widely portrays the financial information of the company. It is prepared so that every user needs can be addressed, thereby facilitating in decision-making. From the annual reports of BHP Billiton, it can be seen that its GPFR includes, balance sheet, cash flow statement, income statement, statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity and notes to financial statements (Northington, 2011). The consolidated financial statements of BHP Billiton or GPFR are prepared in accordance with the IFRS standards and the mode of preparation is set out in Note 41 of the Notes to financial statements. The preparation of GPFR also requires the company to frame certain estimates and judgements affecting the amount of asset, liabilities, income and expenses in the financial statements. Inventory The inventories and work in progress of BHP Billiton Ltd are valued at net realizable value and lower of cost. This cost is ascertained basically on the basis of average costs. Costs of processed inventories are obtained on the basis of an absorption costing method. Cost of production, cost of buying raw materials, attributed mining and manufacturing overheads are included in the computation of cost. In relation to mineral inventories, quantities are evaluated through assays and surveys. The quantities of petroleum inventories are obtained through tank flow measurement and flow rate, composition and calculation of volume is obtained through sample analysis. Accounts Receivable According to the annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be seen that a provision for doubtful debts (PBDD) of US$115million have been made at the beginning of the year but after utilization of US$109million from credit for the same year, the closing balance of provision of doubtful debts have come to US$6million. Furthermore, no provision for doubtful debts (PBDD) has been created by the company in respect of any outstanding values and no expense has been identified in relation to such doubtful debts from related parties (BHP Billiton, 2015). PPE (Property, Plant and Equipment) PPE is recorded at cost minus impairment expenses and depreciation. The total PPE of BHP is US$94,072million that includes plant and equipment, land and building, mineral assets etc. The carrying values of such PPE are depreciated to their residual value (approximated) over the approximated lives of particular assets or approximated life of related field or mine, if shorter. These approximations are evaluated annually and any alterations are considered with respect to remaining depreciation expenses. The major PPE are depreciated on a straight-line and/or production unit basis by adopting their estimated lives like, land (not depreciated), buildings (25-50 years) etc. The impairment events that results in a write down of an asset are carrying amount is regarded prudent in the case of BHP Billiton because this can overcome the normal apportioning of a non-current assets expenses over its useful life (Melville, 2013). Contingent Liabilities According to the annual report of BHP Billiton, contingent liabilities include amounts from associates and joint venture and subsidiaries and joint operations. The total contingent liabilities as at 2015 are US$3263million. Out of these liabilities, the legal issues for which the company had to pay includes tax-related amounts and significant litigations that have generated several actions against the company (BHP Billiton, 2015). The amount of contingent liabilities of these tax-related matters is US$1313million. In relation to leases, BHP holds a liability of finance leases of $US438million and total commitments under operating leases of amount $US2368million. Finance lease includes lease of transmission assets and power generation while operating lease includes leases of PPE (Choi Meek, 2011). Taxation (Transfer Pricing) BHP Billiton Group has several activities in different countries and the tax regimes differ between countries. The nature of activities of BHP Group triggers taxable responsibilities that include royalty, corporation based tax, production tax, employment based tax etc. For taxation of BHP Billiton, note 43 (significant accounting policies), note 44 of application of accounting assumptions, estimates and judgements in Taxation group under application of critical accounting policies and estimates and under section 3.14.1of the Risk and Committee Report in Significant issues- Tax and royalty liabilities, can be referred (BHP Billiton, 2015). Prudence Prudence is one of the latest characteristics updated in the conceptual framework of financial reporting by International Financial Reporting Standards. It requires that companies must adopt policies in such a way so that neither assets nor revenues are overstated nor liabilities or expenses are understated (Brealey et. al, 2011). Accounting transactions and specific events are uncertain in nature and companies are bound to make estimates that require judgement to encounter such uncertainties. Hence, prudence is that key accounting principle which necessitates that while making judgements, management must be prudent and cautious. Reporting can be enhanced by this concept because it removes biasness from financial statements when cautions are given due importance while making relevant decisions 9 Horngren, 2013). However, such understating of assets and overstating of liabilities sometimes lead towards a false impression of the company being in a bad financial position than it actuall y is. This can put off the investors and proves that financial statements are negative (Brigham Daves, 2012). It is obvious that prudence is a desirable concept, after all who would opt for an imprudent accounting. Until 2010, prudence was included in the IASB conceptual framework of accounting but it is a matter of doubt why prudence was further revised in 2015. In the revised conceptual framework of accounting of IASB, prudence was reinstated as an essential concept that enhances the usefulness of financial statements. Therefore, it is obvious that the concept of prudence was long identified as an essential virtue or characteristic in everyday life. Sadly, the application of prudence in the accounting world seems difficult than that of an individuals conduct. It was removed by IASB in 2010 before because of its conflicts with neutrality but the revised concept in the Exposure Draft of IASB, is now included with neutrality (Daves Crawford, 2012) Conclusions and Recommendations The financial reports of BHP Billiton portray a true and fair view of the companys performance in terms of both financial measures and non-financial measures. The reporting is in accordance with the AASB requirements and Corporations Act 2001. In relation to corporate governance, the company follows ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations. Apart from these reporting aspects, BHP Billiton also gives due importance to sustainability programs and it has significantly reduced the emissions of greenhouse gases to 6%. References BHP Billiton 2015, BHP Billiton Annual Report and accounts 2015, Viewed 16 August 2016, https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annualreports/2015/bhpbillitonannualreport2015.pdf Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . 41-51 Davies, T. Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's.